Read the given passage carefully and answer the questions that follow.

The topic of renewable energy is becoming increasingly important as concerns about climate change and the depletion of non-renewable resources continue to grow. Renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind power, have the potential to provide a clean and sustainable source of power for the world's growing population.
One of the major advantages of renewable energy is that it is not limited by the same supply constraints as fossil fuels. Unlike oil, coal, and natural gas, which are finite resources that will eventually run out, renewable energy sources like solar and wind power will never run out. Additionally, renewable energy sources do not produce the greenhouse gases that are responsible for climate change, making them a much more environmentally friendly option.
Despite the clear benefits of renewable energy, there are still significant challenges that need to be overcome in order for it to become a viable alternative to fossil fuels. One of the main challenges is the cost of renewable energy, which is currently higher than traditional fossil fuels. However, as technology continues to improve and economies of scale are achieved, the cost of renewable energy is expected to decrease.
Another challenge is the need for reliable and efficient energy storage solutions, which are essential for the widespread adoption of renewable energy. Without effective energy storage solutions, renewable energy sources like solar and wind power can only be used when the sun is shining or the wind is blowing, which greatly limits their overall usefulness.
Overall, renewable energy has the potential to play a critical role in addressing the world’s energy needs and reducing dependence on fossil fuels. While challenges remain, with continued research and development, renewable energy is likely to become increasingly viable and important in the coming years.

Select the most appropriate ANTONYM of the given word.

Viable

Read the given passage carefully and answer the questions that follow.

The topic of renewable energy is becoming increasingly important as concerns about climate change and the depletion of non-renewable resources continue to grow. Renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind power, have the potential to provide a clean and sustainable source of power for the world's growing population.
One of the major advantages of renewable energy is that it is not limited by the same supply constraints as fossil fuels. Unlike oil, coal, and natural gas, which are finite resources that will eventually run out, renewable energy sources like solar and wind power will never run out. Additionally, renewable energy sources do not produce the greenhouse gases that are responsible for climate change, making them a much more environmentally friendly option.
Despite the clear benefits of renewable energy, there are still significant challenges that need to be overcome in order for it to become a viable alternative to fossil fuels. One of the main challenges is the cost of renewable energy, which is currently higher than traditional fossil fuels. However, as technology continues to improve and economies of scale are achieved, the cost of renewable energy is expected to decrease.
Another challenge is the need for reliable and efficient energy storage solutions, which are essential for the widespread adoption of renewable energy. Without effective energy storage solutions, renewable energy sources like solar and wind power can only be used when the sun is shining or the wind is blowing, which greatly limits their overall usefulness.
Overall, renewable energy has the potential to play a critical role in addressing the world’s energy needs and reducing dependence on fossil fuels. While challenges remain, with continued research and development, renewable energy is likely to become increasingly viable and important in the coming years.

Identify the tone of the passage.

In the following passage, some words have been deleted. Read the passage carefully and answer the questions that follow to select the most appropriate option to fill in each blank.


The impact of climate change on global agriculture is (1) _____ concern among scientists and policymakers. Rising temperatures and unpredictable weather patterns (2) _____ crop yields and food security. Droughts and floods, which are becoming increasingly frequent due to climate variability, (3) _____ the agricultural output in many regions. Consequently, farmers (4) _____ innovative strategies and technologies to (5) _____ their resilience to these changes.

Select the most appropriate option to fill in blank number 1.

In the following passage, some words have been deleted. Read the passage carefully and answer the questions that follow to select the most appropriate option to fill in each blank.


The impact of climate change on global agriculture is (1) _____ concern among scientists and policymakers. Rising temperatures and unpredictable weather patterns (2) _____ crop yields and food security. Droughts and floods, which are becoming increasingly frequent due to climate variability, (3) _____ the agricultural output in many regions. Consequently, farmers (4) _____ innovative strategies and technologies to (5) _____ their resilience to these changes.

Select the most appropriate option to fill in blank number 2.

In the following passage, some words have been deleted. Read the passage carefully and answer the questions that follow to select the most appropriate option to fill in each blank.


The impact of climate change on global agriculture is (1) _____ concern among scientists and policymakers. Rising temperatures and unpredictable weather patterns (2) _____ crop yields and food security. Droughts and floods, which are becoming increasingly frequent due to climate variability, (3) _____ the agricultural output in many regions. Consequently, farmers (4) _____ innovative strategies and technologies to (5) _____ their resilience to these changes.

Select the most appropriate option to fill in blank number 3.

In the following passage, some words have been deleted. Read the passage carefully and answer the questions that follow to select the most appropriate option to fill in each blank.


The impact of climate change on global agriculture is (1) _____ concern among scientists and policymakers. Rising temperatures and unpredictable weather patterns (2) _____ crop yields and food security. Droughts and floods, which are becoming increasingly frequent due to climate variability, (3) _____ the agricultural output in many regions. Consequently, farmers (4) _____ innovative strategies and technologies to (5) _____ their resilience to these changes.

Select the most appropriate option to fill in blank number 4.

Read the given passage carefully and answer the questions that follow.
The use of plastic bags has been a contentious issue for many years. On one hand, they are convenient for carrying groceries and other items. On the other hand, they are a major contributor to pollution and can have devastating effects on the environment.
One of the main causes of plastic bag pollution is their widespread use. They are given out for free at almost every store and are used for just a few minutes before being discarded. This means that there are billions of plastic bags in circulation at any given time, many of which end up as litter on streets, in parks, and in waterways.
Another cause of plastic bag pollution is their slow degradation. Plastic bags can take up to 1,000 years to decompose, which means that they will continue to pollute the environment for centuries to come. This is especially problematic in oceans where they can harm marine life and damage ecosystems.
The effects of plastic bag pollution are wide-ranging and can be devastating. They can harm wildlife and marine life, damage ecosystems, and even contribute to the spread of disease. Plastic bags that end up in oceans can be mistaken as food by marine animals, leading to starvation or suffocation. They can also entangle animals, making it difficult for them to move or escape predators. Plastic bags can also damage coral reefs, which are vital habitats for many species of marine life.
In addition to harming wildlife, plastic bags can also affect human health. Plastic bags that end up in waterways can contaminate drinking water and food sources, leading to the spread of disease. They can also block drainage systems, causing flooding and other problems.
To address the problem of plastic bag pollution, many cities and countries have implemented plastic bag bans or fees. These policies have been effective in reducing the use of plastic bags and in turn reducing pollution. Consumers can also take action by choosing to bring reusable bags when shopping, or by using paper bags instead of plastic bags.
In conclusion, the use of plastic bags has severe consequences on the environment and human health. The cause of the problem is the widespread use and slow degradation of plastic bags, while the effects are wide-ranging and can be devastating. To mitigate these effects, individuals and governments can take actions such as implementing plastic bag bans, choosing to use reusable bags or paper bags instead of plastic bags.

Select the most appropriate title for the passage.

Read the given passage carefully and answer the questions that follow.
The major factor in ensuring the safety of the food supply is food packaging. To ensure that food safety criteria are met, advances in food processing and packaging have dramatically increased. When food processing is finished, packaging preserves the benefits without having a negative impact on individuals who consume the food. Additionally, it enables food to be transported from the point of production to the point of consumption while maintaining its integrity despite the considerable distance. Additionally, it shields delicate foods from light, physical harm, and chemical changes as well as against microbial contamination of meals like meat.
In other cases, the packaging is a tool for business promotion in the food processing industries. The packages frequently brand the business or promote it in some way. Packages can occasionally improve a product’s appearance and increase consumer appeal. To comply with rules, packaging technology must strike a compromise between a number of issues. These include the protection of food along with other factors including increased social and environmental awareness, the expense of energy and materials, rigorous limits on pollutants, and the removal of municipal solid waste.
Food packaging can be made from a variety of materials, some of which include foil, laminates, coated sheets, films, metals, plastics, conventional, and paper. Some of these things don’t decay at all, while others degrade in varying degrees. The topic of environmental damage brought on by food packing materials is not new. Plastic and other items are virtually universally discarded, harming the ecosystem. Despite how important packaging is, it nevertheless poses a serious environmental risk.
The process of making packaging necessitates the use of natural resources, which results in the destruction of a variety of unintended animal habitats. Some businesses, like those that harvest trees, also don’t allow the growth of many of the natural resources they use.
Because harmful fumes are released into the atmosphere during the manufacture of these packaging materials, the environment is also harmed. The air will become more contaminated if these processes aren’t managed. Occasionally, these packaging wastes are carelessly disposed of, polluting the environment, and some of those wastes don’t disintegrate at all. Wood and paper are two prominent packaging materials made from forest resources. Uncontrolled, contentious exploitation of forest resources will upset the balance of the forests’ growth. Erosion, desertification, water scarcities, and a host of ecological issues are just a few of the effects of an unbalanced growth rate. Non-biodegradable packing materials have long-lasting negative effects on the environment and can harm soil and other components through aquatic and atmospheric processes. This can lead to food insecurity, harm to other creatures, and damage to ecology and marine life. Improper disposal of packaging waste can be fatal to animals and impact spawning seasons, making pollution a serious concern. Food packaging has a negative impact on the environment, thus it’s important to manage the trash properly to protect human health, the environment, and natural resources. Some of these methods include utilising less packaging, creating products with longer shelf lives, and repurposing goods and resources are all part of source reduction. By altering the appearance, acquisition, production, or usage of the originating material and products, source reduction also lowers the quantity and toxicity of the trash. Waste combustion is a controlled burning method used at specific facilities to dispose of non-recyclable materials. Waste-to-energy combustion incinerators use steam generators to produce heat for electricity generation. Composting is the controlled aerobic or biological decomposition of organic waste and is an effective waste disposal solution. This process involves placing organic debris in piles and providing sufficient moisture for decomposition by microorganisms.

What do you mean by ‘composting’ in the above passage?

Read the given passage carefully and answer the questions that follow.
The major factor in ensuring the safety of the food supply is food packaging. To ensure that food safety criteria are met, advances in food processing and packaging have dramatically increased. When food processing is finished, packaging preserves the benefits without having a negative impact on individuals who consume the food. Additionally, it enables food to be transported from the point of production to the point of consumption while maintaining its integrity despite the considerable distance. Additionally, it shields delicate foods from light, physical harm, and chemical changes as well as against microbial contamination of meals like meat.
In other cases, the packaging is a tool for business promotion in the food processing industries. The packages frequently brand the business or promote it in some way. Packages can occasionally improve a product’s appearance and increase consumer appeal. To comply with rules, packaging technology must strike a compromise between a number of issues. These include the protection of food along with other factors including increased social and environmental awareness, the expense of energy and materials, rigorous limits on pollutants, and the removal of municipal solid waste.
Food packaging can be made from a variety of materials, some of which include foil, laminates, coated sheets, films, metals, plastics, conventional, and paper. Some of these things don’t decay at all, while others degrade in varying degrees. The topic of environmental damage brought on by food packing materials is not new. Plastic and other items are virtually universally discarded, harming the ecosystem. Despite how important packaging is, it nevertheless poses a serious environmental risk.
The process of making packaging necessitates the use of natural resources, which results in the destruction of a variety of unintended animal habitats. Some businesses, like those that harvest trees, also don’t allow the growth of many of the natural resources they use.
Because harmful fumes are released into the atmosphere during the manufacture of these packaging materials, the environment is also harmed. The air will become more contaminated if these processes aren’t managed. Occasionally, these packaging wastes are carelessly disposed of, polluting the environment, and some of those wastes don’t disintegrate at all. Wood and paper are two prominent packaging materials made from forest resources. Uncontrolled, contentious exploitation of forest resources will upset the balance of the forests’ growth. Erosion, desertification, water scarcities, and a host of ecological issues are just a few of the effects of an unbalanced growth rate. Non-biodegradable packing materials have long-lasting negative effects on the environment and can harm soil and other components through aquatic and atmospheric processes. This can lead to food insecurity, harm to other creatures, and damage to ecology and marine life. Improper disposal of packaging waste can be fatal to animals and impact spawning seasons, making pollution a serious concern. Food packaging has a negative impact on the environment, thus it’s important to manage the trash properly to protect human health, the environment, and natural resources. Some of these methods include utilising less packaging, creating products with longer shelf lives, and repurposing goods and resources are all part of source reduction. By altering the appearance, acquisition, production, or usage of the originating material and products, source reduction also lowers the quantity and toxicity of the trash. Waste combustion is a controlled burning method used at specific facilities to dispose of non-recyclable materials. Waste-to-energy combustion incinerators use steam generators to produce heat for electricity generation. Composting is the controlled aerobic or biological decomposition of organic waste and is an effective waste disposal solution. This process involves placing organic debris in piles and providing sufficient moisture for decomposition by microorganisms.

Which of the following is an effect of unbalanced growth rate?

Read the given passage carefully and answer the questions that follow.

The topic of renewable energy is becoming increasingly important as concerns about climate change and the depletion of non-renewable resources continue to grow. Renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind power, have the potential to provide a clean and sustainable source of power for the world's growing population.
One of the major advantages of renewable energy is that it is not limited by the same supply constraints as fossil fuels. Unlike oil, coal, and natural gas, which are finite resources that will eventually run out, renewable energy sources like solar and wind power will never run out. Additionally, renewable energy sources do not produce the greenhouse gases that are responsible for climate change, making them a much more environmentally friendly option.
Despite the clear benefits of renewable energy, there are still significant challenges that need to be overcome in order for it to become a viable alternative to fossil fuels. One of the main challenges is the cost of renewable energy, which is currently higher than traditional fossil fuels. However, as technology continues to improve and economies of scale are achieved, the cost of renewable energy is expected to decrease.
Another challenge is the need for reliable and efficient energy storage solutions, which are essential for the widespread adoption of renewable energy. Without effective energy storage solutions, renewable energy sources like solar and wind power can only be used when the sun is shining or the wind is blowing, which greatly limits their overall usefulness.
Overall, renewable energy has the potential to play a critical role in addressing the world’s energy needs and reducing dependence on fossil fuels. While challenges remain, with continued research and development, renewable energy is likely to become increasingly viable and important in the coming years.

Select the most appropriate title for the passage.

In the following passage, some words have been deleted. Read the passage carefully and answer the questions that follow to select the most appropriate option to fill in each blank.


The impact of climate change on global agriculture is (1) _____ concern among scientists and policymakers. Rising temperatures and unpredictable weather patterns (2) _____ crop yields and food security. Droughts and floods, which are becoming increasingly frequent due to climate variability, (3) _____ the agricultural output in many regions. Consequently, farmers (4) _____ innovative strategies and technologies to (5) _____ their resilience to these changes.

Select the most appropriate option to fill in blank number 5.

In the following passage, some words have been deleted. Read the passage carefully and select the most appropriate option to fill in each blank.

Erosion of America's farmland by wind and water (1)_____ a problem since settlers first put the prairies and grasslands (2)______ the plow in the 19th century. By the 1930s, more than 282 million acres of farmland were (3)______ by erosion. After 40 years of conservation efforts, soil erosion has (4)________ due to new demands placed (5)____ the land by heavy crop production.

Select the most appropriate option to fill in blank no. 3.

In the following passage, some words have been deleted. Read the passage carefully and select the most appropriate option to fill in each blank.

Erosion of America's farmland by wind and water (1)_____ a problem since settlers first put the prairies and grasslands (2)______ the plow in the 19th century. By the 1930s, more than 282 million acres of farmland were (3)______ by erosion. After 40 years of conservation efforts, soil erosion has (4)________ due to new demands placed (5)____ the land by heavy crop production.

Select the most appropriate option to fill in blank no. 4.

In the following passage, some words have been deleted. Read the passage carefully and select the most appropriate option to fill in each blank.

Erosion of America's farmland by wind and water (1)_____ a problem since settlers first put the prairies and grasslands (2)______ the plow in the 19th century. By the 1930s, more than 282 million acres of farmland were (3)______ by erosion. After 40 years of conservation efforts, soil erosion has (4)________ due to new demands placed (5)____ the land by heavy crop production.

Select the most appropriate option to fill in blank no. 5.

In the following passage, some words have been deleted. Read the passage carefully and answer the questions that follow select the most appropriate option to fill in each blank.

Global warming, a phenomenon primarily 1._____ by human activities, has 2._____ profound changes in weather patterns worldwide. The increase in greenhouse gases, particularly carbon dioxide, 3._____ the Earth’s atmosphere to trap more heat. As a result, glaciers 4._____, sea levels 5._____ and extreme weather events have become more frequent and severe.

Select the most appropriate option to fill in blank number 3.

In the following passage, some words have been deleted. Read the passage carefully and select the most appropriate option to fill in each blank.

Scholars have long noted that International Monetary Fund (IMF) restructuring programmes (1)____________________ winners and losers, but always in (2)________________ to different sectors of the economy. For example, the fact that programmes (3)________________ to strengthen exports has been shown to favour farmers and business owners over urban middle class state employees like civil servants.The problem with purely (4)___________________ sectors is highlighted when you look at citizens’ experiences. One (5)_____________________ of the survey data, covering nine countries in Africa, showed that three out of ten civil servants actually thought IMF reforms made their lives better.

Select the most appropriate option to fill in blank no. 1.

In the following passage, some words have been deleted. Read the passage carefully and select the most appropriate option to fill in each blank.

The fact that the wetter periods in North Africa have _______1_______ every 21,000 years or so is a big clue about what ________2_________ them: variations in Earth’s orbit. Due to gravitational influences from the moon and other planets in our solar system, the orbit of the Earth _________3___________ the sun is not constant. It has cyclic ______4_______ on multi-thousand year timescales. These orbital cycles _______5_______ the amount of energy the Earth receives from the sun. On 100,000-year cycles, the shape of Earth’s orbit shifts between circular and oval.

Select the most appropriate option to fill in blank no. 2.

Read the given passage and answer the questions that follow.

Every minute, the equivalent of one garbage truck’s worth of plastic is dumped into our ocean. Plastic pollution is a global problem. Approximately 7 billion of the 9.2 billion metric tonnes of plastic produced from 1950-2017 became plastic waste, ending up in landfills or being dumped. Plastic pollution can alter habitats and natural processes, reducing ecosystems’ ability to adapt to climate change, directly affecting millions of people’s livelihoods, food production capabilities and social well-being.
UNEP’s body of work demonstrates that the problem of plastic pollution doesn’t exist in a vacuum. The environmental, social, economic and health risks of plastics need to be assessed alongside other environmental stressors, like climate change, ecosystem degradation and resource use.

Which of the following most accurately states the main idea of the passage?

Read the given passage and answer the questions that follow.

Every minute, the equivalent of one garbage truck’s worth of plastic is dumped into our ocean. Plastic pollution is a global problem. Approximately 7 billion of the 9.2 billion metric tonnes of plastic produced from 1950-2017 became plastic waste, ending up in landfills or being dumped. Plastic pollution can alter habitats and natural processes, reducing ecosystems’ ability to adapt to climate change, directly affecting millions of people’s livelihoods, food production capabilities and social well-being.
UNEP’s body of work demonstrates that the problem of plastic pollution doesn’t exist in a vacuum. The environmental, social, economic and health risks of plastics need to be assessed alongside other environmental stressors, like climate change, ecosystem degradation and resource use.

Which of the following is the best description of the tone of the passage?

Read the given passage and answer the questions that follow.

Every minute, the equivalent of one garbage truck’s worth of plastic is dumped into our ocean. Plastic pollution is a global problem. Approximately 7 billion of the 9.2 billion metric tonnes of plastic produced from 1950-2017 became plastic waste, ending up in landfills or being dumped. Plastic pollution can alter habitats and natural processes, reducing ecosystems’ ability to adapt to climate change, directly affecting millions of people’s livelihoods, food production capabilities and social well-being.
UNEP’s body of work demonstrates that the problem of plastic pollution doesn’t exist in a vacuum. The environmental, social, economic and health risks of plastics need to be assessed alongside other environmental stressors, like climate change, ecosystem degradation and resource use.

Select the most appropriate ANTONYM of the given word.

Alter

Read the given passage and answer the questions that follow.

Every minute, the equivalent of one garbage truck’s worth of plastic is dumped into our ocean. Plastic pollution is a global problem. Approximately 7 billion of the 9.2 billion metric tonnes of plastic produced from 1950-2017 became plastic waste, ending up in landfills or being dumped. Plastic pollution can alter habitats and natural processes, reducing ecosystems’ ability to adapt to climate change, directly affecting millions of people’s livelihoods, food production capabilities and social well-being.
UNEP’s body of work demonstrates that the problem of plastic pollution doesn’t exist in a vacuum. The environmental, social, economic and health risks of plastics need to be assessed alongside other environmental stressors, like climate change, ecosystem degradation and resource use.

Which of the following represents the structure of the passage?

Read the given passage and answer the questions that follow.

Every minute, the equivalent of one garbage truck’s worth of plastic is dumped into our ocean. Plastic pollution is a global problem. Approximately 7 billion of the 9.2 billion metric tonnes of plastic produced from 1950-2017 became plastic waste, ending up in landfills or being dumped. Plastic pollution can alter habitats and natural processes, reducing ecosystems’ ability to adapt to climate change, directly affecting millions of people’s livelihoods, food production capabilities and social well-being.
UNEP’s body of work demonstrates that the problem of plastic pollution doesn’t exist in a vacuum. The environmental, social, economic and health risks of plastics need to be assessed alongside other environmental stressors, like climate change, ecosystem degradation and resource use.

Select the most appropriate ANTONYM of the given word.

Exist

Read the given passage and answer the questions that follow.
Have you ever taken the time to stop and consider the dirt under your feet? Leonardo da Vinci said, “We know more about the movement of celestial bodies than about the soil underfoot.” Yet, our very survival as humans – and life on this planet – is intimately linked with the health of a thin layer of soil enveloping the earth.
Soil provides society with essential food, feed, fibre and raw materials, as well as being home to a quarter of the earth’s biodiversity. Soils are also the largest organic carbon reservoir on Earth and although highly dynamic, are very fragile. Chop a forest down and it might grow back in 50 years, but lose 10 cm of soil and get ready to wait 1,000 years to get it back. Without soil, our planet would be unrecognisable to us, and more like the barren and inhospitable surface of the Moon or Mars.
Until recently, we did not even know how deep the soil is below our feet. Like the best mysteries, a bit of digging is required for soils to be fully understood and for their history to be laid bare.
When they are visible, a range of questions arise. What does the variation in colour with depth mean? How much carbon is stored? Is the soil dense or light, damaged or healthy? Answering these questions is important, but presents a significant challenge and may require years of training.

Mankind’s survival, according to the passage, solely depends on _________ .

Read the given passage and answer the questions that follow.
Have you ever taken the time to stop and consider the dirt under your feet? Leonardo da Vinci said, “We know more about the movement of celestial bodies than about the soil underfoot.” Yet, our very survival as humans – and life on this planet – is intimately linked with the health of a thin layer of soil enveloping the earth.
Soil provides society with essential food, feed, fibre and raw materials, as well as being home to a quarter of the earth’s biodiversity. Soils are also the largest organic carbon reservoir on Earth and although highly dynamic, are very fragile. Chop a forest down and it might grow back in 50 years, but lose 10 cm of soil and get ready to wait 1,000 years to get it back. Without soil, our planet would be unrecognisable to us, and more like the barren and inhospitable surface of the Moon or Mars.
Until recently, we did not even know how deep the soil is below our feet. Like the best mysteries, a bit of digging is required for soils to be fully understood and for their history to be laid bare.
When they are visible, a range of questions arise. What does the variation in colour with depth mean? How much carbon is stored? Is the soil dense or light, damaged or healthy? Answering these questions is important, but presents a significant challenge and may require years of training.

How many years are required to renew the loss of 10 cm of soil?

Read the given passage and answer the questions that follow.
Have you ever taken the time to stop and consider the dirt under your feet? Leonardo da Vinci said, “We know more about the movement of celestial bodies than about the soil underfoot.” Yet, our very survival as humans – and life on this planet – is intimately linked with the health of a thin layer of soil enveloping the earth.
Soil provides society with essential food, feed, fibre and raw materials, as well as being home to a quarter of the earth’s biodiversity. Soils are also the largest organic carbon reservoir on Earth and although highly dynamic, are very fragile. Chop a forest down and it might grow back in 50 years, but lose 10 cm of soil and get ready to wait 1,000 years to get it back. Without soil, our planet would be unrecognisable to us, and more like the barren and inhospitable surface of the Moon or Mars.
Until recently, we did not even know how deep the soil is below our feet. Like the best mysteries, a bit of digging is required for soils to be fully understood and for their history to be laid bare.
When they are visible, a range of questions arise. What does the variation in colour with depth mean? How much carbon is stored? Is the soil dense or light, damaged or healthy? Answering these questions is important, but presents a significant challenge and may require years of training.

Select the most suitable word from the passage which means ‘difficult to stay or live in’.

Read the given passage and answer the questions that follow.
Have you ever taken the time to stop and consider the dirt under your feet? Leonardo da Vinci said, “We know more about the movement of celestial bodies than about the soil underfoot.” Yet, our very survival as humans – and life on this planet – is intimately linked with the health of a thin layer of soil enveloping the earth.
Soil provides society with essential food, feed, fibre and raw materials, as well as being home to a quarter of the earth’s biodiversity. Soils are also the largest organic carbon reservoir on Earth and although highly dynamic, are very fragile. Chop a forest down and it might grow back in 50 years, but lose 10 cm of soil and get ready to wait 1,000 years to get it back. Without soil, our planet would be unrecognisable to us, and more like the barren and inhospitable surface of the Moon or Mars.
Until recently, we did not even know how deep the soil is below our feet. Like the best mysteries, a bit of digging is required for soils to be fully understood and for their history to be laid bare.
When they are visible, a range of questions arise. What does the variation in colour with depth mean? How much carbon is stored? Is the soil dense or light, damaged or healthy? Answering these questions is important, but presents a significant challenge and may require years of training.

What is the tone of the speaker?

Read the given passage and answer the questions that follow.
Have you ever taken the time to stop and consider the dirt under your feet? Leonardo da Vinci said, “We know more about the movement of celestial bodies than about the soil underfoot.” Yet, our very survival as humans – and life on this planet – is intimately linked with the health of a thin layer of soil enveloping the earth.
Soil provides society with essential food, feed, fibre and raw materials, as well as being home to a quarter of the earth’s biodiversity. Soils are also the largest organic carbon reservoir on Earth and although highly dynamic, are very fragile. Chop a forest down and it might grow back in 50 years, but lose 10 cm of soil and get ready to wait 1,000 years to get it back. Without soil, our planet would be unrecognisable to us, and more like the barren and inhospitable surface of the Moon or Mars.
Until recently, we did not even know how deep the soil is below our feet. Like the best mysteries, a bit of digging is required for soils to be fully understood and for their history to be laid bare.
When they are visible, a range of questions arise. What does the variation in colour with depth mean? How much carbon is stored? Is the soil dense or light, damaged or healthy? Answering these questions is important, but presents a significant challenge and may require years of training.

Identify the most suitable title for the given passage.

In the following passage, some words have been deleted. Read the passage carefully and select the most appropriate option to fill in each blank.

The fact that the wetter periods in North Africa have _______1_______ every 21,000 years or so is a big clue about what ________2_________ them: variations in Earth’s orbit. Due to gravitational influences from the moon and other planets in our solar system, the orbit of the Earth _________3___________ the sun is not constant. It has cyclic ______4_______ on multi-thousand year timescales. These orbital cycles _______5_______ the amount of energy the Earth receives from the sun. On 100,000-year cycles, the shape of Earth’s orbit shifts between circular and oval.

Select the most appropriate option to fill in blank no. 3.

In the following passage, some words have been deleted. Read the passage carefully and select the most appropriate option to fill in each blank.

The fact that the wetter periods in North Africa have _______1_______ every 21,000 years or so is a big clue about what ________2_________ them: variations in Earth’s orbit. Due to gravitational influences from the moon and other planets in our solar system, the orbit of the Earth _________3___________ the sun is not constant. It has cyclic ______4_______ on multi-thousand year timescales. These orbital cycles _______5_______ the amount of energy the Earth receives from the sun. On 100,000-year cycles, the shape of Earth’s orbit shifts between circular and oval.

Select the most appropriate option to fill in blank no. 4.

In the following passage, some words have been deleted. Read the passage carefully and select the most appropriate option to fill in each blank.

The US is the (1)____________________ shareholder in the World Bank and traditionally, the bank’s president has been a US citizen (2)____________________ by Washington. Small island developing states have argued for moving the fund (3)_________________ from a donor recipient model, with all their usual power imbalances, (4)________________ a partnership founded on a shared commitment to protecting the planet.This will require partial or total (5)______________________ of the World Bank.This is already happening under its new president, some argue. But hosting the fund within the bank would still give donor countries disproportionate influence.

Select the most appropriate option to fill in blank no. 2.

In the following passage, some words have been deleted. Read the passage carefully and select the most appropriate option to fill in each blank.

The US is the (1)____________________ shareholder in the World Bank and traditionally, the bank’s president has been a US citizen (2)____________________ by Washington. Small island developing states have argued for moving the fund (3)_________________ from a donor recipient model, with all their usual power imbalances, (4)________________ a partnership founded on a shared commitment to protecting the planet.This will require partial or total (5)______________________ of the World Bank.This is already happening under its new president, some argue. But hosting the fund within the bank would still give donor countries disproportionate influence.

Select the most appropriate option to fill in blank no. 4.

In the following passage, some words have been deleted. Read the passage carefully and select the most appropriate option to fill in each blank.

The US is the (1)____________________ shareholder in the World Bank and traditionally, the bank’s president has been a US citizen (2)____________________ by Washington. Small island developing states have argued for moving the fund (3)_________________ from a donor recipient model, with all their usual power imbalances, (4)________________ a partnership founded on a shared commitment to protecting the planet.This will require partial or total (5)______________________ of the World Bank.This is already happening under its new president, some argue. But hosting the fund within the bank would still give donor countries disproportionate influence.

Select the most appropriate option to fill in blank no. 5.

In the following passage, some words have been deleted. Read the passage carefully and select the most appropriate option to fill in each blank.

Scholars have long noted that International Monetary Fund (IMF) restructuring programmes (1)____________________ winners and losers, but always in (2)________________ to different sectors of the economy. For example, the fact that programmes (3)________________ to strengthen exports has been shown to favour farmers and business owners over urban middle class state employees like civil servants.The problem with purely (4)___________________ sectors is highlighted when you look at citizens’ experiences. One (5)_____________________ of the survey data, covering nine countries in Africa, showed that three out of ten civil servants actually thought IMF reforms made their lives better.

Select the most appropriate option to fill in blank no. 2.

In the following passage, some words have been deleted. Read the passage carefully and select the most appropriate option to fill in each blank.

Climate change will (1)___________________ every aspect of our health and well-being. But its potential harms go (2)__________________ the body’s ability to handle (3)_____________ heat, important as this is.Extreme weather events, such as floods, droughts, storms and wildfires, are becoming more (4)______________________ and severe. These affect our mental health in a multitude of ways. Coping with climate change can be overwhelming.It could increase the (5)________________ of harmful substance use.

Select the most appropriate option to fill in blank no. 2.

In the following passage, some words have been deleted. Read the passage carefully and select the most appropriate option to fill in each blank.

The US is the (1)____________________ shareholder in the World Bank and traditionally, the bank’s president has been a US citizen (2)____________________ by Washington. Small island developing states have argued for moving the fund (3)_________________ from a donor recipient model, with all their usual power imbalances, (4)________________ a partnership founded on a shared commitment to protecting the planet.This will require partial or total (5)______________________ of the World Bank.This is already happening under its new president, some argue. But hosting the fund within the bank would still give donor countries disproportionate influence.

Select the most appropriate option to fill in blank no. 3.

In the following passage, some words have been deleted. Read the passage carefully and select the most appropriate option to fill in each blank.

Climate change will (1)___________________ every aspect of our health and well-being. But its potential harms go (2)__________________ the body’s ability to handle (3)_____________ heat, important as this is.Extreme weather events, such as floods, droughts, storms and wildfires, are becoming more (4)______________________ and severe. These affect our mental health in a multitude of ways. Coping with climate change can be overwhelming.It could increase the (5)________________ of harmful substance use.

Select the most appropriate option to fill in blank no. 3.

In the following passage, some words have been deleted. Read the passage carefully and select the most appropriate option to fill in each blank.

Climate change will (1)___________________ every aspect of our health and well-being. But its potential harms go (2)__________________ the body’s ability to handle (3)_____________ heat, important as this is.Extreme weather events, such as floods, droughts, storms and wildfires, are becoming more (4)______________________ and severe. These affect our mental health in a multitude of ways. Coping with climate change can be overwhelming.It could increase the (5)________________ of harmful substance use.

Select the most appropriate option to fill in blank no. 4.

In the following passage, some words have been deleted. Read the passage carefully and select the most appropriate option to fill in each blank.

The fact that the wetter periods in North Africa have _______1_______ every 21,000 years or so is a big clue about what ________2_________ them: variations in Earth’s orbit. Due to gravitational influences from the moon and other planets in our solar system, the orbit of the Earth _________3___________ the sun is not constant. It has cyclic ______4_______ on multi-thousand year timescales. These orbital cycles _______5_______ the amount of energy the Earth receives from the sun. On 100,000-year cycles, the shape of Earth’s orbit shifts between circular and oval.

Select the most appropriate option to fill in blank no. 5.

In the following passage, some words have been deleted. Read the passage carefully and select the most appropriate option to fill in each blank.

The US is the (1)____________________ shareholder in the World Bank and traditionally, the bank’s president has been a US citizen (2)____________________ by Washington. Small island developing states have argued for moving the fund (3)_________________ from a donor recipient model, with all their usual power imbalances, (4)________________ a partnership founded on a shared commitment to protecting the planet.This will require partial or total (5)______________________ of the World Bank.This is already happening under its new president, some argue. But hosting the fund within the bank would still give donor countries disproportionate influence.

Select the most appropriate option to fill in blank no. 1.

In the following passage, some words have been deleted. Read the passage carefully and select the most appropriate option to fill in each blank.

Scholars have long noted that International Monetary Fund (IMF) restructuring programmes (1)____________________ winners and losers, but always in (2)________________ to different sectors of the economy. For example, the fact that programmes (3)________________ to strengthen exports has been shown to favour farmers and business owners over urban middle class state employees like civil servants.The problem with purely (4)___________________ sectors is highlighted when you look at citizens’ experiences. One (5)_____________________ of the survey data, covering nine countries in Africa, showed that three out of ten civil servants actually thought IMF reforms made their lives better.

Select the most appropriate option to fill in blank no. 3.

In the following passage, some words have been deleted. Read the passage carefully and select the most appropriate option to fill in each blank.

Scholars have long noted that International Monetary Fund (IMF) restructuring programmes (1)____________________ winners and losers, but always in (2)________________ to different sectors of the economy. For example, the fact that programmes (3)________________ to strengthen exports has been shown to favour farmers and business owners over urban middle class state employees like civil servants.The problem with purely (4)___________________ sectors is highlighted when you look at citizens’ experiences. One (5)_____________________ of the survey data, covering nine countries in Africa, showed that three out of ten civil servants actually thought IMF reforms made their lives better.

Select the most appropriate option to fill in blank no. 4.

In the following passage, some words have been deleted. Read the passage carefully and select the most appropriate option to fill in each blank.

Scholars have long noted that International Monetary Fund (IMF) restructuring programmes (1)____________________ winners and losers, but always in (2)________________ to different sectors of the economy. For example, the fact that programmes (3)________________ to strengthen exports has been shown to favour farmers and business owners over urban middle class state employees like civil servants.The problem with purely (4)___________________ sectors is highlighted when you look at citizens’ experiences. One (5)_____________________ of the survey data, covering nine countries in Africa, showed that three out of ten civil servants actually thought IMF reforms made their lives better.

Select the most appropriate option to fill in blank no. 5.

In the following passage, some words have been deleted. Read the passage carefully and select the most appropriate option to fill in each blank.

The fact that the wetter periods in North Africa have _______1_______ every 21,000 years or so is a big clue about what ________2_________ them: variations in Earth’s orbit. Due to gravitational influences from the moon and other planets in our solar system, the orbit of the Earth _________3___________ the sun is not constant. It has cyclic ______4_______ on multi-thousand year timescales. These orbital cycles _______5_______ the amount of energy the Earth receives from the sun. On 100,000-year cycles, the shape of Earth’s orbit shifts between circular and oval.

Select the most appropriate option to fill in blank no. 1.

In the following passage, some words have been deleted. Read the passage carefully and select the most appropriate option to fill in each blank.

Climate change will (1)___________________ every aspect of our health and well-being. But its potential harms go (2)__________________ the body’s ability to handle (3)_____________ heat, important as this is.Extreme weather events, such as floods, droughts, storms and wildfires, are becoming more (4)______________________ and severe. These affect our mental health in a multitude of ways. Coping with climate change can be overwhelming.It could increase the (5)________________ of harmful substance use.

Select the most appropriate option to fill in blank no. 5.

In the following passage, some words have been deleted. Read the passage carefully and select the most appropriate option to fill in each blank.

Climate change will (1)___________________ every aspect of our health and well-being. But its potential harms go (2)__________________ the body’s ability to handle (3)_____________ heat, important as this is.Extreme weather events, such as floods, droughts, storms and wildfires, are becoming more (4)______________________ and severe. These affect our mental health in a multitude of ways. Coping with climate change can be overwhelming.It could increase the (5)________________ of harmful substance use.

Select the most appropriate option to fill in blank no. 1.

Select the most appropriate option to fill in the blank.

Changes observed in Earth’s climate since the early 20th century are _______ driven by human activities, particularly fossil fuel burning, which increases heat-trapping greenhouse gas levels in Earth’s atmosphere, raising Earth’s average surface temperature. (Selection Post Phase X Matriculation Level)

Select the most appropriate option to fill in the blank.

Global warming is caused by the ________ of certain gases, called greenhouse gases, in the atmosphere. (Head Constable Ministerial in Delhi Police Examination 2022)

Fill in the blank with the correct word from the below options.
Scientists have studied past climate changes to understand the factors that can ______ the planet to warm or cool.  (CT Non GD Post)

Fill in the blank with the most appropriate option
To address climate change, it is essential to take collective action at the global level. ________, countries must work together to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and transition to renewable energy sources. (Assistant Section Officer (ASO))

In the following passage, some words have been deleted. Read the passage carefully and select the most appropriate option to fill in each blank.
The disclaimer read that no animals were harmed (1)________ the filming of that scene. However, they forgot that the brand of lipstick that was applied (2)________ the heroines lips for that scene was manufactured from crushed cochineal bugs, which release a pigment commonly used in red lipstick. The other items in the film studio (3)________ used animal fats during their manufacturing. The actors who (4)________ that they are vegan in past interviews are unaware of their indirect involvement in such acts of cruelty against animals. The indirect cruelty against animals does not stop here. For example, the extensive disposal of plastic waste in oceans has made plastic a part of the animal food chain, which is detrimental (5)________ our entire ecosystem.Select the most appropriate option to fill in blank number 2. (CHSL Exam 2024 Tier I)