In the following passage, some words have been deleted. Read the passage carefully and select the most appropriate option to fill in each blank.

A monsoon is traditionally a seasonal reversing wind (1)________________ by corresponding changes in precipitation but is now (2)___________ describe seasonal changes in atmospheric circulation and precipitation associated (3)_______________ annual latitudinal oscillation of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) between its limits to the north and south of the equator. Usually, the term monsoon (4)___________ refer to the rainy phase of a seasonally changing pattern, although technically there is also a dry phase. The term is also sometimes used to (5)_________________ locally heavy but short-term rains.

Select the most appropriate option to fill in blank number 4.

In the following passage, some words have been deleted. Read the passage carefully and select the most appropriate option to fill in each blank.

As 2023 closes as the warmest year on (1)_______________, there is growing global concern about the rise of extreme weather (2)________________ such as floods, droughts and heatwaves. The atmosphere and oceans are warming due to increasing (3)______________ of greenhouse gases, largely caused by burning fossil fuels. This has led to a greater risk of (4)___________________ rainfall and flooding. For every 1°C rise in average global temperature, the atmosphere can hold an extra 7% water vapour. When the right atmospheric 'triggers' are in place, this extra water vapour is (5)________________ as intense rainfall.

Select the most appropriate option to fill in blank no. 5.

In the following passage, some words have been deleted. Read the passage carefully and select the most appropriate option to fill in each blank.

As 2023 closes as the warmest year on (1)_______________, there is growing global concern about the rise of extreme weather (2)________________ such as floods, droughts and heatwaves. The atmosphere and oceans are warming due to increasing (3)______________ of greenhouse gases, largely caused by burning fossil fuels. This has led to a greater risk of (4)___________________ rainfall and flooding. For every 1°C rise in average global temperature, the atmosphere can hold an extra 7% water vapour. When the right atmospheric 'triggers' are in place, this extra water vapour is (5)________________ as intense rainfall.

Select the most appropriate option to fill in blank no. 3.

In the following passage, some words have been deleted. Fill in the blanks with the help of the alternatives given. Select the most appropriate option for each number.

How environmental problems ____1_____ different groups is a function of social inequality. Social status and power determine the _______2____ to which people can insulate themselves from environmental crises or overcome them. In some cases, their ‘solutions’ may actually worsen environmental disparities. In Kutch, Gujarat, where water is scarce, richer farmers have ____3____ in deep bore tubewells to tap groundwater to irrigate their fields and grow cash crops. When the rains fail, the earthen wells of the poorer villagers run dry and they do not even have water to drink. At such times, the moist green fields of the rich farmers seem to mock them. Certain environmental concerns sometimes appear to be universal concerns, not particular to ____4_____ social groups. For instance, ______5_______ air pollution or protecting biodiversity seems to be in the public interest. A sociological analysis shows, however, that how public priorities are set and how they are pursued may not be universally beneficial.

Select the most appropriate option to fill in blank number 2.

In the following passage, some words have been deleted. Read the passage carefully and select the most appropriate option to fill in each blank.

As 2023 closes as the warmest year on (1)_______________, there is growing global concern about the rise of extreme weather (2)________________ such as floods, droughts and heatwaves. The atmosphere and oceans are warming due to increasing (3)______________ of greenhouse gases, largely caused by burning fossil fuels. This has led to a greater risk of (4)___________________ rainfall and flooding. For every 1°C rise in average global temperature, the atmosphere can hold an extra 7% water vapour. When the right atmospheric 'triggers' are in place, this extra water vapour is (5)________________ as intense rainfall.

Select the most appropriate option to fill in blank no. 4.

In the following passage, some words have been deleted. Fill in the blanks with the help of the alternatives given. Select the most appropriate option for each number.

How environmental problems ____1_____ different groups is a function of social inequality. Social status and power determine the _______2____ to which people can insulate themselves from environmental crises or overcome them. In some cases, their ‘solutions’ may actually worsen environmental disparities. In Kutch, Gujarat, where water is scarce, richer farmers have ____3____ in deep bore tubewells to tap groundwater to irrigate their fields and grow cash crops. When the rains fail, the earthen wells of the poorer villagers run dry and they do not even have water to drink. At such times, the moist green fields of the rich farmers seem to mock them. Certain environmental concerns sometimes appear to be universal concerns, not particular to ____4_____ social groups. For instance, ______5_______ air pollution or protecting biodiversity seems to be in the public interest. A sociological analysis shows, however, that how public priorities are set and how they are pursued may not be universally beneficial.

Select the most appropriate option to fill in blank number 3.

In the following passage, some words have been deleted. Fill in the blanks with the help of the alternatives given. Select the most appropriate option for each number.

How environmental problems ____1_____ different groups is a function of social inequality. Social status and power determine the _______2____ to which people can insulate themselves from environmental crises or overcome them. In some cases, their ‘solutions’ may actually worsen environmental disparities. In Kutch, Gujarat, where water is scarce, richer farmers have ____3____ in deep bore tubewells to tap groundwater to irrigate their fields and grow cash crops. When the rains fail, the earthen wells of the poorer villagers run dry and they do not even have water to drink. At such times, the moist green fields of the rich farmers seem to mock them. Certain environmental concerns sometimes appear to be universal concerns, not particular to ____4_____ social groups. For instance, ______5_______ air pollution or protecting biodiversity seems to be in the public interest. A sociological analysis shows, however, that how public priorities are set and how they are pursued may not be universally beneficial.

Select the most appropriate option to fill in blank number 4.

In the following passage, some words have been deleted. Read the passage carefully and select the most appropriate option to fill in each blank.

As 2023 closes as the warmest year on (1)_______________, there is growing global concern about the rise of extreme weather (2)________________ such as floods, droughts and heatwaves. The atmosphere and oceans are warming due to increasing (3)______________ of greenhouse gases, largely caused by burning fossil fuels. This has led to a greater risk of (4)___________________ rainfall and flooding. For every 1°C rise in average global temperature, the atmosphere can hold an extra 7% water vapour. When the right atmospheric 'triggers' are in place, this extra water vapour is (5)________________ as intense rainfall.

Select the most appropriate option to fill in blank no. 1.

In the following passage, some words have been deleted. Read the passage carefully and select the most appropriate option to fill in each blank.

As 2023 closes as the warmest year on (1)_______________, there is growing global concern about the rise of extreme weather (2)________________ such as floods, droughts and heatwaves. The atmosphere and oceans are warming due to increasing (3)______________ of greenhouse gases, largely caused by burning fossil fuels. This has led to a greater risk of (4)___________________ rainfall and flooding. For every 1°C rise in average global temperature, the atmosphere can hold an extra 7% water vapour. When the right atmospheric 'triggers' are in place, this extra water vapour is (5)________________ as intense rainfall.

Select the most appropriate option to fill in blank no. 2.

In the following passage, some words have been deleted. Fill in the blanks with the help of the alternatives given. Select the most appropriate option for each number.

How environmental problems ____1_____ different groups is a function of social inequality. Social status and power determine the _______2____ to which people can insulate themselves from environmental crises or overcome them. In some cases, their ‘solutions’ may actually worsen environmental disparities. In Kutch, Gujarat, where water is scarce, richer farmers have ____3____ in deep bore tubewells to tap groundwater to irrigate their fields and grow cash crops. When the rains fail, the earthen wells of the poorer villagers run dry and they do not even have water to drink. At such times, the moist green fields of the rich farmers seem to mock them. Certain environmental concerns sometimes appear to be universal concerns, not particular to ____4_____ social groups. For instance, ______5_______ air pollution or protecting biodiversity seems to be in the public interest. A sociological analysis shows, however, that how public priorities are set and how they are pursued may not be universally beneficial.

Select the most appropriate option to fill in blank number 5.

In the following passage, some words have been deleted. Fill in the blanks with the help of the alternatives given. Select the most appropriate option for each number.

How environmental problems ____1_____ different groups is a function of social inequality. Social status and power determine the _______2____ to which people can insulate themselves from environmental crises or overcome them. In some cases, their ‘solutions’ may actually worsen environmental disparities. In Kutch, Gujarat, where water is scarce, richer farmers have ____3____ in deep bore tubewells to tap groundwater to irrigate their fields and grow cash crops. When the rains fail, the earthen wells of the poorer villagers run dry and they do not even have water to drink. At such times, the moist green fields of the rich farmers seem to mock them. Certain environmental concerns sometimes appear to be universal concerns, not particular to ____4_____ social groups. For instance, ______5_______ air pollution or protecting biodiversity seems to be in the public interest. A sociological analysis shows, however, that how public priorities are set and how they are pursued may not be universally beneficial.

Select the most appropriate option to fill in blank number 1.

In the following passage, some words have been deleted. Read the passage carefully and select the most appropriate option to fill in each blank.
The disclaimer read that no animals were harmed (1)________ the filming of that scene. However, they forgot that the brand of lipstick that was applied (2)________ the heroines lips for that scene was manufactured from crushed cochineal bugs, which release a pigment commonly used in red lipstick. The other items in the film studio (3)________ used animal fats during their manufacturing. The actors who (4)________ that they are vegan in past interviews are unaware of their indirect involvement in such acts of cruelty against animals. The indirect cruelty against animals does not stop here. For example, the extensive disposal of plastic waste in oceans has made plastic a part of the animal food chain, which is detrimental (5)________ our entire ecosystem.

Select the most appropriate option to fill in blank number 5.

In the following passage, some words have been deleted. Read the passage carefully and select the most appropriate option to fill in each blank.
The disclaimer read that no animals were harmed (1)________ the filming of that scene. However, they forgot that the brand of lipstick that was applied (2)________ the heroines lips for that scene was manufactured from crushed cochineal bugs, which release a pigment commonly used in red lipstick. The other items in the film studio (3)________ used animal fats during their manufacturing. The actors who (4)________ that they are vegan in past interviews are unaware of their indirect involvement in such acts of cruelty against animals. The indirect cruelty against animals does not stop here. For example, the extensive disposal of plastic waste in oceans has made plastic a part of the animal food chain, which is detrimental (5)________ our entire ecosystem.

Select the most appropriate option to fill in blank number 2.

In the following passage, some words have been deleted. Read the passage carefully and select the most appropriate option to fill in each blank.
The disclaimer read that no animals were harmed (1)________ the filming of that scene. However, they forgot that the brand of lipstick that was applied (2)________ the heroines lips for that scene was manufactured from crushed cochineal bugs, which release a pigment commonly used in red lipstick. The other items in the film studio (3)________ used animal fats during their manufacturing. The actors who (4)________ that they are vegan in past interviews are unaware of their indirect involvement in such acts of cruelty against animals. The indirect cruelty against animals does not stop here. For example, the extensive disposal of plastic waste in oceans has made plastic a part of the animal food chain, which is detrimental (5)________ our entire ecosystem.

Select the most appropriate option to fill in blank number 1.

In the following passage, some words have been deleted. Read the passage carefully and select the most appropriate option to fill in each blank.
The disclaimer read that no animals were harmed (1)________ the filming of that scene. However, they forgot that the brand of lipstick that was applied (2)________ the heroines lips for that scene was manufactured from crushed cochineal bugs, which release a pigment commonly used in red lipstick. The other items in the film studio (3)________ used animal fats during their manufacturing. The actors who (4)________ that they are vegan in past interviews are unaware of their indirect involvement in such acts of cruelty against animals. The indirect cruelty against animals does not stop here. For example, the extensive disposal of plastic waste in oceans has made plastic a part of the animal food chain, which is detrimental (5)________ our entire ecosystem.

Select the most appropriate option to fill in blank number 4.

In the following passage, some words have been deleted. Read the passage carefully and select the most appropriate option to fill in each blank.
The disclaimer read that no animals were harmed (1)________ the filming of that scene. However, they forgot that the brand of lipstick that was applied (2)________ the heroines lips for that scene was manufactured from crushed cochineal bugs, which release a pigment commonly used in red lipstick. The other items in the film studio (3)________ used animal fats during their manufacturing. The actors who (4)________ that they are vegan in past interviews are unaware of their indirect involvement in such acts of cruelty against animals. The indirect cruelty against animals does not stop here. For example, the extensive disposal of plastic waste in oceans has made plastic a part of the animal food chain, which is detrimental (5)________ our entire ecosystem.

Select the most appropriate option to fill in blank number 3.

Read the following passage and answer the questions given after it.
Wetlands are amongst the most productive ecosystems on the Earth and provide many important services to human society. They exhibit enormous diversity according to their genesis, geographical location, water regime and chemistry, dominant species, and soil and sediment characteristics. Globally, the areal extent of wetland ecosystems ranges from 917 million hectares (m ha) to more than 1275 m ha. One of the first widely used wetland classifications systems, devised by Cowardin et al., 1979, categorized wetlands into marine (coastal wetlands), estuarine (including deltas, tidal marshes, and mangrove swamps), lacustrine (lakes), riverine (along rivers and streams), and palustrine ( marshes, swamps and bogs) based on their hydrological, ecological and geological characteristics.
Ramsar Convention on Wetlands was an international treaty signed in 1971. Overall, 1052 sites in Europe; 289 sites in Asia; 359 sites in Africa; 175 sites in South America; 211 sites in North America; and 79 sites in Oceania region have been identified as Ramsar sites or wetlands of International importance.
As per the Ramsar Convention definition most of the natural water bodies (such as rivers, lakes, coastal lagoons, mangroves, peat land, coral reefs) and man- made wetlands (such as ponds, farm ponds, irrigated fields, sacred groves, salt pans, reservoirs, gravel pits, sewage farms and canals) in India constitute the wetland ecosystem distributed in different geographical regions ranging from Himalayas to Deccan plateau. As of February, 2022, India has 49 Ramsar sites covering an area of 10,93,636 hectares, the highest in South Asia.
As per the estimates, India has about 757.06 thousand wetlands with a total wetland area of 15.3 m ha, accounting for nearly 4.7% of the total geographical area of the country . Out of this, areas under inland wetlands accounts for 69%, coastal wetlands 27%, and other wetlands (smaller than 2.25 ha) 4%.
Gujarat has the highest proportion (17.5%) and Mizoram has the lowest proportion (0.66%) of the area under wetlands. Among Union Territories, Lakshadweep has the highest proportion (around 96%) and Chandigarh has the least proportion (3%) of geographical area under wetlands.

In India, what kind of wetlands occupy the largest area?

Read the given passage and answer the question that follows.

Sustainable utensils are proving to be a crucial tool in our collective efforts towards building a greener and more environmentally conscious world. These utensils, often made from renewable resources such as bamboo or plant-based materials like cornstarch, offer a myriad of benefits. Firstly, sustainable utensils significantly reduce our reliance on single-use plastics. Plastic cutlery, traditionally used for convenience, contributes to the vast amounts of waste that end up in landfills and oceans, polluting ecosystems and harming marine life. By switching to sustainable alternatives, we can minimise this environmental damage. Secondly, sustainable utensils are biodegradable or compostable, meaning they can break down naturally over time. This ensures that even if they do end up in landfills, they won't persist for centuries like plastic does. Instead, they return to the Earth without leaving a lasting negative impact. These utensils can be reused multiple times, further reducing waste. Many sustainable options are durable and washable, making them a viable long-term solution.

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of sustainable utensils?

Read the following passage and answer the questions given after it.
Wetlands are amongst the most productive ecosystems on the Earth and provide many important services to human society. They exhibit enormous diversity according to their genesis, geographical location, water regime and chemistry, dominant species, and soil and sediment characteristics. Globally, the areal extent of wetland ecosystems ranges from 917 million hectares (m ha) to more than 1275 m ha. One of the first widely used wetland classifications systems, devised by Cowardin et al., 1979, categorized wetlands into marine (coastal wetlands), estuarine (including deltas, tidal marshes, and mangrove swamps), lacustrine (lakes), riverine (along rivers and streams), and palustrine ( marshes, swamps and bogs) based on their hydrological, ecological and geological characteristics.
Ramsar Convention on Wetlands was an international treaty signed in 1971. Overall, 1052 sites in Europe; 289 sites in Asia; 359 sites in Africa; 175 sites in South America; 211 sites in North America; and 79 sites in Oceania region have been identified as Ramsar sites or wetlands of International importance.
As per the Ramsar Convention definition most of the natural water bodies (such as rivers, lakes, coastal lagoons, mangroves, peat land, coral reefs) and man- made wetlands (such as ponds, farm ponds, irrigated fields, sacred groves, salt pans, reservoirs, gravel pits, sewage farms and canals) in India constitute the wetland ecosystem distributed in different geographical regions ranging from Himalayas to Deccan plateau. As of February, 2022, India has 49 Ramsar sites covering an area of 10,93,636 hectares, the highest in South Asia.
As per the estimates, India has about 757.06 thousand wetlands with a total wetland area of 15.3 m ha, accounting for nearly 4.7% of the total geographical area of the country . Out of this, areas under inland wetlands accounts for 69%, coastal wetlands 27%, and other wetlands (smaller than 2.25 ha) 4%.
Gujarat has the highest proportion (17.5%) and Mizoram has the lowest proportion (0.66%) of the area under wetlands. Among Union Territories, Lakshadweep has the highest proportion (around 96%) and Chandigarh has the least proportion (3%) of geographical area under wetlands.

Match the continents with the number of Ramsar sites.

continents no. of Ramsar sites
a. North America 1. 1052 sites
b. Europe 2. 211sites
c. Africa 3. 289 sites
d. Asia 4. 359 sites

Read the given passage and answer the question that follows.

Sustainable utensils are proving to be a crucial tool in our collective efforts towards building a greener and more environmentally conscious world. These utensils, often made from renewable resources such as bamboo or plant-based materials like cornstarch, offer a myriad of benefits. Firstly, sustainable utensils significantly reduce our reliance on single-use plastics. Plastic cutlery, traditionally used for convenience, contributes to the vast amounts of waste that end up in landfills and oceans, polluting ecosystems and harming marine life. By switching to sustainable alternatives, we can minimise this environmental damage. Secondly, sustainable utensils are biodegradable or compostable, meaning they can break down naturally over time. This ensures that even if they do end up in landfills, they won't persist for centuries like plastic does. Instead, they return to the Earth without leaving a lasting negative impact. These utensils can be reused multiple times, further reducing waste. Many sustainable options are durable and washable, making them a viable long-term solution.

Which materials are commonly used to make sustainable utensils?

Read the given passage and answer the question that follows.

Sustainable utensils are proving to be a crucial tool in our collective efforts towards building a greener and more environmentally conscious world. These utensils, often made from renewable resources such as bamboo or plant-based materials like cornstarch, offer a myriad of benefits. Firstly, sustainable utensils significantly reduce our reliance on single-use plastics. Plastic cutlery, traditionally used for convenience, contributes to the vast amounts of waste that end up in landfills and oceans, polluting ecosystems and harming marine life. By switching to sustainable alternatives, we can minimise this environmental damage. Secondly, sustainable utensils are biodegradable or compostable, meaning they can break down naturally over time. This ensures that even if they do end up in landfills, they won't persist for centuries like plastic does. Instead, they return to the Earth without leaving a lasting negative impact. These utensils can be reused multiple times, further reducing waste. Many sustainable options are durable and washable, making them a viable long-term solution.

What distinguishes sustainable utensils from plastic cutlery?

Read the given passage and answer the question that follows.

Sustainable utensils are proving to be a crucial tool in our collective efforts towards building a greener and more environmentally conscious world. These utensils, often made from renewable resources such as bamboo or plant-based materials like cornstarch, offer a myriad of benefits. Firstly, sustainable utensils significantly reduce our reliance on single-use plastics. Plastic cutlery, traditionally used for convenience, contributes to the vast amounts of waste that end up in landfills and oceans, polluting ecosystems and harming marine life. By switching to sustainable alternatives, we can minimise this environmental damage. Secondly, sustainable utensils are biodegradable or compostable, meaning they can break down naturally over time. This ensures that even if they do end up in landfills, they won't persist for centuries like plastic does. Instead, they return to the Earth without leaving a lasting negative impact. These utensils can be reused multiple times, further reducing waste. Many sustainable options are durable and washable, making them a viable long-term solution.

What is the main focus of the passage?

Read the given passage and answer the question that follows.

Sustainable utensils are proving to be a crucial tool in our collective efforts towards building a greener and more environmentally conscious world. These utensils, often made from renewable resources such as bamboo or plant-based materials like cornstarch, offer a myriad of benefits. Firstly, sustainable utensils significantly reduce our reliance on single-use plastics. Plastic cutlery, traditionally used for convenience, contributes to the vast amounts of waste that end up in landfills and oceans, polluting ecosystems and harming marine life. By switching to sustainable alternatives, we can minimise this environmental damage. Secondly, sustainable utensils are biodegradable or compostable, meaning they can break down naturally over time. This ensures that even if they do end up in landfills, they won't persist for centuries like plastic does. Instead, they return to the Earth without leaving a lasting negative impact. These utensils can be reused multiple times, further reducing waste. Many sustainable options are durable and washable, making them a viable long-term solution.

Based on the information provided in the passage, which among the following is NOT an example of sustainable utensil?

Read the following passage and answer the questions given after it.
Wetlands are amongst the most productive ecosystems on the Earth and provide many important services to human society. They exhibit enormous diversity according to their genesis, geographical location, water regime and chemistry, dominant species, and soil and sediment characteristics. Globally, the areal extent of wetland ecosystems ranges from 917 million hectares (m ha) to more than 1275 m ha. One of the first widely used wetland classifications systems, devised by Cowardin et al., 1979, categorized wetlands into marine (coastal wetlands), estuarine (including deltas, tidal marshes, and mangrove swamps), lacustrine (lakes), riverine (along rivers and streams), and palustrine ( marshes, swamps and bogs) based on their hydrological, ecological and geological characteristics.
Ramsar Convention on Wetlands was an international treaty signed in 1971. Overall, 1052 sites in Europe; 289 sites in Asia; 359 sites in Africa; 175 sites in South America; 211 sites in North America; and 79 sites in Oceania region have been identified as Ramsar sites or wetlands of International importance.
As per the Ramsar Convention definition most of the natural water bodies (such as rivers, lakes, coastal lagoons, mangroves, peat land, coral reefs) and man- made wetlands (such as ponds, farm ponds, irrigated fields, sacred groves, salt pans, reservoirs, gravel pits, sewage farms and canals) in India constitute the wetland ecosystem distributed in different geographical regions ranging from Himalayas to Deccan plateau. As of February, 2022, India has 49 Ramsar sites covering an area of 10,93,636 hectares, the highest in South Asia.
As per the estimates, India has about 757.06 thousand wetlands with a total wetland area of 15.3 m ha, accounting for nearly 4.7% of the total geographical area of the country . Out of this, areas under inland wetlands accounts for 69%, coastal wetlands 27%, and other wetlands (smaller than 2.25 ha) 4%.
Gujarat has the highest proportion (17.5%) and Mizoram has the lowest proportion (0.66%) of the area under wetlands. Among Union Territories, Lakshadweep has the highest proportion (around 96%) and Chandigarh has the least proportion (3%) of geographical area under wetlands.

Under which category of wetlands, are delta and mangrove swamps included?

In the following passage, some words have been deleted. Read the passage carefully and select the most appropriate option to fill in each blank.
Global warming is a major problem. The result will be the problems created by the rising temperatures of the Arctic region. As a result of global warming, (1)_________ in rainfall and plant distribution affect the migration patterns, feeding behaviour, and breeding preferences of numerous bird species. The increase in the temperature may also alter ocean currents, which may alter the (2)__________ ecology as a whole. Greenhouse gas emissions are responsible for the ongoing melting of the Arctic. This will result in a (3)__________loop since greenhouse gases trap the heat in the atmosphere and the additional emissions may (4)__________ the global warming process. Now, the only way to reverse the harm is for every person to be environmentally sensitive. This may offer us hope that we will be able to leave a green planet to our future generations, who presently appear to face (5)__________.

Select the most appropriate option to fill in blank number 5.

In the following passage, some words have been deleted. Read the passage carefully and select the most appropriate option to fill in each blank.
Global warming is a major problem. The result will be the problems created by the rising temperatures of the Arctic region. As a result of global warming, (1)_________ in rainfall and plant distribution affect the migration patterns, feeding behaviour, and breeding preferences of numerous bird species. The increase in the temperature may also alter ocean currents, which may alter the (2)__________ ecology as a whole. Greenhouse gas emissions are responsible for the ongoing melting of the Arctic. This will result in a (3)__________loop since greenhouse gases trap the heat in the atmosphere and the additional emissions may (4)__________ the global warming process. Now, the only way to reverse the harm is for every person to be environmentally sensitive. This may offer us hope that we will be able to leave a green planet to our future generations, who presently appear to face (5)__________.

Select the most appropriate option to fill in blank number 4.

In the following passage, some words have been deleted. Read the passage carefully and select the most appropriate option to fill in each blank.
Global warming is a major problem. The result will be the problems created by the rising temperatures of the Arctic region. As a result of global warming, (1)_________ in rainfall and plant distribution affect the migration patterns, feeding behaviour, and breeding preferences of numerous bird species. The increase in the temperature may also alter ocean currents, which may alter the (2)__________ ecology as a whole. Greenhouse gas emissions are responsible for the ongoing melting of the Arctic. This will result in a (3)__________loop since greenhouse gases trap the heat in the atmosphere and the additional emissions may (4)__________ the global warming process. Now, the only way to reverse the harm is for every person to be environmentally sensitive. This may offer us hope that we will be able to leave a green planet to our future generations, who presently appear to face (5)__________.

Select the most appropriate option to fill in blank number 3.

In the following passage, some words have been deleted. Read the passage carefully and select the most appropriate option to fill in each blank.
Global warming is a major problem. The result will be the problems created by the rising temperatures of the Arctic region. As a result of global warming, (1)_________ in rainfall and plant distribution affect the migration patterns, feeding behaviour, and breeding preferences of numerous bird species. The increase in the temperature may also alter ocean currents, which may alter the (2)__________ ecology as a whole. Greenhouse gas emissions are responsible for the ongoing melting of the Arctic. This will result in a (3)__________loop since greenhouse gases trap the heat in the atmosphere and the additional emissions may (4)__________ the global warming process. Now, the only way to reverse the harm is for every person to be environmentally sensitive. This may offer us hope that we will be able to leave a green planet to our future generations, who presently appear to face (5)__________.

Select the most appropriate option to fill in blank number 1.

In the following passage, some words have been deleted. Read the passage carefully and select the most appropriate option to fill in each blank.
Global warming is a major problem. The result will be the problems created by the rising temperatures of the Arctic region. As a result of global warming, (1)_________ in rainfall and plant distribution affect the migration patterns, feeding behaviour, and breeding preferences of numerous bird species. The increase in the temperature may also alter ocean currents, which may alter the (2)__________ ecology as a whole. Greenhouse gas emissions are responsible for the ongoing melting of the Arctic. This will result in a (3)__________loop since greenhouse gases trap the heat in the atmosphere and the additional emissions may (4)__________ the global warming process. Now, the only way to reverse the harm is for every person to be environmentally sensitive. This may offer us hope that we will be able to leave a green planet to our future generations, who presently appear to face (5)__________.

Select the most appropriate option to fill in blank number 2.

Read the following passage and answer the questions given after it.
Wetlands are amongst the most productive ecosystems on the Earth and provide many important services to human society. They exhibit enormous diversity according to their genesis, geographical location, water regime and chemistry, dominant species, and soil and sediment characteristics. Globally, the areal extent of wetland ecosystems ranges from 917 million hectares (m ha) to more than 1275 m ha. One of the first widely used wetland classifications systems, devised by Cowardin et al., 1979, categorized wetlands into marine (coastal wetlands), estuarine (including deltas, tidal marshes, and mangrove swamps), lacustrine (lakes), riverine (along rivers and streams), and palustrine ( marshes, swamps and bogs) based on their hydrological, ecological and geological characteristics.
Ramsar Convention on Wetlands was an international treaty signed in 1971. Overall, 1052 sites in Europe; 289 sites in Asia; 359 sites in Africa; 175 sites in South America; 211 sites in North America; and 79 sites in Oceania region have been identified as Ramsar sites or wetlands of International importance.
As per the Ramsar Convention definition most of the natural water bodies (such as rivers, lakes, coastal lagoons, mangroves, peat land, coral reefs) and man- made wetlands (such as ponds, farm ponds, irrigated fields, sacred groves, salt pans, reservoirs, gravel pits, sewage farms and canals) in India constitute the wetland ecosystem distributed in different geographical regions ranging from Himalayas to Deccan plateau. As of February, 2022, India has 49 Ramsar sites covering an area of 10,93,636 hectares, the highest in South Asia.
As per the estimates, India has about 757.06 thousand wetlands with a total wetland area of 15.3 m ha, accounting for nearly 4.7% of the total geographical area of the country . Out of this, areas under inland wetlands accounts for 69%, coastal wetlands 27%, and other wetlands (smaller than 2.25 ha) 4%.
Gujarat has the highest proportion (17.5%) and Mizoram has the lowest proportion (0.66%) of the area under wetlands. Among Union Territories, Lakshadweep has the highest proportion (around 96%) and Chandigarh has the least proportion (3%) of geographical area under wetlands.

Which of the following questions cannot be answered after reading the above passage?

In the following passage, some words have been deleted. Read the passage carefully and select the most appropriate option to fill in each blank.
The adverse (1)__________ of climate change and environmental degradation are increasingly driving human mobility the world over, particularly in countries with high exposure and low (2)__________ capacity. While most climate-related mobility currently occurs within countries, desperation and deteriorating environments can also compel people to seek a livelihood elsewhere through (3)__________ migration. While climate change negatively impacts everyone, everywhere, those already in vulnerable situations due to geography, poverty, gender, age, disability, origin, or other status, including migrant women who (4)__________ climate-sensitive livelihoods, and children who are less able to survive extreme weather events, are at the greatest risk of suffering harm. It is (5)__________ to recognise this reality and take meaningful action to protect the human rights of those most affected by climate change, including migrants.

Select the most appropriate option to fill in blank number 5.

In the following passage, some words have been deleted. Read the passage carefully and select the most appropriate option to fill in each blank.
The rise in global temperature (1)__________ already occurred is leading to extreme weather events that bring (2)__________ heat waves and droughts, devastating floods and increasingly powerful hurricanes and tropical storms. The combination of these factors means the impact on human health is increasing and is (3)__________ accelerate. But there is room for hope, particularly if governments take action now to (4)__________ the pledges made at Glasgow in November 2021 and to go further in resolving the climate crisis. WHO is (5)__________ governments to lead a just, equitable, and fast phase out of fossil fuels and transition to a clean energy future.

Select the most appropriate option to fill in blank number 4.

In the following passage, some words have been deleted. Read the passage carefully and select the most appropriate option to fill in each blank.
The adverse (1)__________ of climate change and environmental degradation are increasingly driving human mobility the world over, particularly in countries with high exposure and low (2)__________ capacity. While most climate-related mobility currently occurs within countries, desperation and deteriorating environments can also compel people to seek a livelihood elsewhere through (3)__________ migration. While climate change negatively impacts everyone, everywhere, those already in vulnerable situations due to geography, poverty, gender, age, disability, origin, or other status, including migrant women who (4)__________ climate-sensitive livelihoods, and children who are less able to survive extreme weather events, are at the greatest risk of suffering harm. It is (5)__________ to recognise this reality and take meaningful action to protect the human rights of those most affected by climate change, including migrants.

Select the most appropriate option to fill in blank number 4.

In the following passage, some words have been deleted. Read the passage carefully and select the most appropriate option to fill in each blank.
The rise in global temperature (1)__________ already occurred is leading to extreme weather events that bring (2)__________ heat waves and droughts, devastating floods and increasingly powerful hurricanes and tropical storms. The combination of these factors means the impact on human health is increasing and is (3)__________ accelerate. But there is room for hope, particularly if governments take action now to (4)__________ the pledges made at Glasgow in November 2021 and to go further in resolving the climate crisis. WHO is (5)__________ governments to lead a just, equitable, and fast phase out of fossil fuels and transition to a clean energy future.

Select the most appropriate option to fill in blank number 5.

In the following passage, some words have been deleted. Read the passage carefully and select the most appropriate option to fill in each blank.
The rise in global temperature (1)__________ already occurred is leading to extreme weather events that bring (2)__________ heat waves and droughts, devastating floods and increasingly powerful hurricanes and tropical storms. The combination of these factors means the impact on human health is increasing and is (3)__________ accelerate. But there is room for hope, particularly if governments take action now to (4)__________ the pledges made at Glasgow in November 2021 and to go further in resolving the climate crisis. WHO is (5)__________ governments to lead a just, equitable, and fast phase out of fossil fuels and transition to a clean energy future.

Select the most appropriate option to fill in blank number 3.

In the following passage, some words have been deleted. Read the passage carefully and select the most appropriate option to fill in each blank.
The adverse (1)__________ of climate change and environmental degradation are increasingly driving human mobility the world over, particularly in countries with high exposure and low (2)__________ capacity. While most climate-related mobility currently occurs within countries, desperation and deteriorating environments can also compel people to seek a livelihood elsewhere through (3)__________ migration. While climate change negatively impacts everyone, everywhere, those already in vulnerable situations due to geography, poverty, gender, age, disability, origin, or other status, including migrant women who (4)__________ climate-sensitive livelihoods, and children who are less able to survive extreme weather events, are at the greatest risk of suffering harm. It is (5)__________ to recognise this reality and take meaningful action to protect the human rights of those most affected by climate change, including migrants.

Select the most appropriate option to fill in blank number 1.

In the following passage, some words have been deleted. Read the passage carefully and select the most appropriate option to fill in each blank.
The rise in global temperature (1)__________ already occurred is leading to extreme weather events that bring (2)__________ heat waves and droughts, devastating floods and increasingly powerful hurricanes and tropical storms. The combination of these factors means the impact on human health is increasing and is (3)__________ accelerate. But there is room for hope, particularly if governments take action now to (4)__________ the pledges made at Glasgow in November 2021 and to go further in resolving the climate crisis. WHO is (5)__________ governments to lead a just, equitable, and fast phase out of fossil fuels and transition to a clean energy future.

Select the most appropriate option to fill in blank number 2.

In the following passage, some words have been deleted. Read the passage carefully and select the most appropriate option to fill in each blank.
The rise in global temperature (1)__________ already occurred is leading to extreme weather events that bring (2)__________ heat waves and droughts, devastating floods and increasingly powerful hurricanes and tropical storms. The combination of these factors means the impact on human health is increasing and is (3)__________ accelerate. But there is room for hope, particularly if governments take action now to (4)__________ the pledges made at Glasgow in November 2021 and to go further in resolving the climate crisis. WHO is (5)__________ governments to lead a just, equitable, and fast phase out of fossil fuels and transition to a clean energy future.

Select the most appropriate option to fill in blank number 1.

In the following passage, some words have been deleted. Read the passage carefully and select the most appropriate option to fill in each blank.
The adverse (1)__________ of climate change and environmental degradation are increasingly driving human mobility the world over, particularly in countries with high exposure and low (2)__________ capacity. While most climate-related mobility currently occurs within countries, desperation and deteriorating environments can also compel people to seek a livelihood elsewhere through (3)__________ migration. While climate change negatively impacts everyone, everywhere, those already in vulnerable situations due to geography, poverty, gender, age, disability, origin, or other status, including migrant women who (4)__________ climate-sensitive livelihoods, and children who are less able to survive extreme weather events, are at the greatest risk of suffering harm. It is (5)__________ to recognise this reality and take meaningful action to protect the human rights of those most affected by climate change, including migrants.

Select the most appropriate option to fill in blank number 3.

In the following passage, some words have been deleted. Read the passage carefully and select the most appropriate option to fill in each blank.
The adverse (1)__________ of climate change and environmental degradation are increasingly driving human mobility the world over, particularly in countries with high exposure and low (2)__________ capacity. While most climate-related mobility currently occurs within countries, desperation and deteriorating environments can also compel people to seek a livelihood elsewhere through (3)__________ migration. While climate change negatively impacts everyone, everywhere, those already in vulnerable situations due to geography, poverty, gender, age, disability, origin, or other status, including migrant women who (4)__________ climate-sensitive livelihoods, and children who are less able to survive extreme weather events, are at the greatest risk of suffering harm. It is (5)__________ to recognise this reality and take meaningful action to protect the human rights of those most affected by climate change, including migrants.

Select the most appropriate option to fill in blank number 2.

Read the given passage carefully and answer the questions that follow.
As the world’s population approaches 8 billion and resource use intensifies, pollution is ever more extensive, pervasive, and persistent. It affects our health through the food we eat, the water we drink and the air we breathe. By 2025, the world’s cities will produce 2.2 billion tonnes of waste every year, more than three times the amount produced in 2009. That said, pollution is not a new phenomenon and is largely controllable and often avoidable, as shown in some countries and cities that have succeeded in decoupling economic growth from pollution and waste accumulation.
With the end goal to eradicate all forms of pollution by 2030, the UN Environment Programme was tasked by the UN Environment Assembly to coordinate the implementation of a global plan reiterating that pollution is not only an environmental priority, it's a priority for the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals.

Which of the following represents the structure of the passage?

Read the given passage carefully and answer the questions that follow.
As the world’s population approaches 8 billion and resource use intensifies, pollution is ever more extensive, pervasive, and persistent. It affects our health through the food we eat, the water we drink and the air we breathe. By 2025, the world’s cities will produce 2.2 billion tonnes of waste every year, more than three times the amount produced in 2009. That said, pollution is not a new phenomenon and is largely controllable and often avoidable, as shown in some countries and cities that have succeeded in decoupling economic growth from pollution and waste accumulation.
With the end goal to eradicate all forms of pollution by 2030, the UN Environment Programme was tasked by the UN Environment Assembly to coordinate the implementation of a global plan reiterating that pollution is not only an environmental priority, it's a priority for the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals.

Which of the following most accurately states the central idea of the passage?

Read the given passage carefully and answer the questions that follow.
As the world’s population approaches 8 billion and resource use intensifies, pollution is ever more extensive, pervasive, and persistent. It affects our health through the food we eat, the water we drink and the air we breathe. By 2025, the world’s cities will produce 2.2 billion tonnes of waste every year, more than three times the amount produced in 2009. That said, pollution is not a new phenomenon and is largely controllable and often avoidable, as shown in some countries and cities that have succeeded in decoupling economic growth from pollution and waste accumulation.
With the end goal to eradicate all forms of pollution by 2030, the UN Environment Programme was tasked by the UN Environment Assembly to coordinate the implementation of a global plan reiterating that pollution is not only an environmental priority, it's a priority for the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals.

What is the ANTONYM for the word ‘priority’ from the passage?

Read the given passage carefully and answer the questions that follow.
Mountains occupy about a quarter of the Earth’s land, harbour most of its biodiversity hotspots and supply fresh water to an estimated half of humanity. Present on every continent, mountains include a multitude of ecosystems holding many unique species such as snow leopards and mountain gorillas. They are also home to great cultural diversity among people adapted to the challenges of mountain life. Their special traditions and breath-taking scenery attract ever-growing numbers of tourists.
Mountain regions are particularly sensitive to degradation from both human pressures and climate change. Steep slopes mean the clearing of forest for farming, settlements or infrastructure can cause serious soil erosion as well as the loss of habitat. Erosion and pollution harm the quality of water flowing downstream. Climate change threatens the quantity and timing of water supplies to farms, cities, industry and power stations. Fast-rising temperatures are forcing mountain species, ecosystems and the people that depend on them to adapt or migrate.

Which of the following most accurately states the central idea of the passage?

Read the given passage carefully and answer the questions that follow.
Mountains occupy about a quarter of the Earth’s land, harbour most of its biodiversity hotspots and supply fresh water to an estimated half of humanity. Present on every continent, mountains include a multitude of ecosystems holding many unique species such as snow leopards and mountain gorillas. They are also home to great cultural diversity among people adapted to the challenges of mountain life. Their special traditions and breath-taking scenery attract ever-growing numbers of tourists.
Mountain regions are particularly sensitive to degradation from both human pressures and climate change. Steep slopes mean the clearing of forest for farming, settlements or infrastructure can cause serious soil erosion as well as the loss of habitat. Erosion and pollution harm the quality of water flowing downstream. Climate change threatens the quantity and timing of water supplies to farms, cities, industry and power stations. Fast-rising temperatures are forcing mountain species, ecosystems and the people that depend on them to adapt or migrate.

Which is the best description of the tone of the passage?

Read the given passage carefully and answer the questions that follow.
Mountains occupy about a quarter of the Earth’s land, harbour most of its biodiversity hotspots and supply fresh water to an estimated half of humanity. Present on every continent, mountains include a multitude of ecosystems holding many unique species such as snow leopards and mountain gorillas. They are also home to great cultural diversity among people adapted to the challenges of mountain life. Their special traditions and breath-taking scenery attract ever-growing numbers of tourists.
Mountain regions are particularly sensitive to degradation from both human pressures and climate change. Steep slopes mean the clearing of forest for farming, settlements or infrastructure can cause serious soil erosion as well as the loss of habitat. Erosion and pollution harm the quality of water flowing downstream. Climate change threatens the quantity and timing of water supplies to farms, cities, industry and power stations. Fast-rising temperatures are forcing mountain species, ecosystems and the people that depend on them to adapt or migrate.

What is the ANTONYM for the word ‘migrate’ from the passage?

Read the given passage carefully and answer the questions that follow.
Mountains occupy about a quarter of the Earth’s land, harbour most of its biodiversity hotspots and supply fresh water to an estimated half of humanity. Present on every continent, mountains include a multitude of ecosystems holding many unique species such as snow leopards and mountain gorillas. They are also home to great cultural diversity among people adapted to the challenges of mountain life. Their special traditions and breath-taking scenery attract ever-growing numbers of tourists.
Mountain regions are particularly sensitive to degradation from both human pressures and climate change. Steep slopes mean the clearing of forest for farming, settlements or infrastructure can cause serious soil erosion as well as the loss of habitat. Erosion and pollution harm the quality of water flowing downstream. Climate change threatens the quantity and timing of water supplies to farms, cities, industry and power stations. Fast-rising temperatures are forcing mountain species, ecosystems and the people that depend on them to adapt or migrate.

What is the ANTONYM for the word ‘diversity’ from the passage?

Read the given passage carefully and answer the questions that follow.
Mountains occupy about a quarter of the Earth’s land, harbour most of its biodiversity hotspots and supply fresh water to an estimated half of humanity. Present on every continent, mountains include a multitude of ecosystems holding many unique species such as snow leopards and mountain gorillas. They are also home to great cultural diversity among people adapted to the challenges of mountain life. Their special traditions and breath-taking scenery attract ever-growing numbers of tourists.
Mountain regions are particularly sensitive to degradation from both human pressures and climate change. Steep slopes mean the clearing of forest for farming, settlements or infrastructure can cause serious soil erosion as well as the loss of habitat. Erosion and pollution harm the quality of water flowing downstream. Climate change threatens the quantity and timing of water supplies to farms, cities, industry and power stations. Fast-rising temperatures are forcing mountain species, ecosystems and the people that depend on them to adapt or migrate.

Which of the following represents the structure of the passage?

In the following passage, some words have been deleted. Read the passage carefully and select the most appropriate option to fill in each blank.

Given the amount of (1)________ and misunderstanding surrounding the climate crisis, (2)________ climate education and engagement are fundamental to addressing the root causes of climate change. We need education not only based (3)________ climate science but also on the ways in (4)________ climate change is deeply intertwined with a range of other social, racial and environmental issues that (5)________ our daily life experiences.

Select the most appropriate option to fill in blank number 4.

In the following passage, some words have been deleted. Read the passage carefully and select the most appropriate option to fill in each blank.

Adopting sustainable practices in daily life (1) _________ to environmental conservation. Small actions, (2)_______ reducing single-use plastics, conserving energy, planting trees, using water sparingly and reducing the use of electronic gadgets, (3)________ make a significant impact. Research shows that communities (4)________ sustainable living not only reduce their carbon footprint but also create a healthier environment (5)_______ future generations.

Select the most appropriate option to fill in blank number 5.